28 A total of 52 (15.2%) participants were aware of cancer history among rst-degree family members. A total of 226 (66.3%) participants had medical comorbidities, the most common being hypertension (n = 193, 85.4%), diabetes mellitus (n = 44, 19.5%), HIV infection (n = 22, 9.7%)and tuberculosis (n = 13, 5.8%). A total of 89 (26.1%) participants had a past history of STDs; the majority (n = 55; 61.8%) of whom had just one episode, 33 (37.1%) had 2–5 episodes and one (1.1%) had > 5 episodes. Assessment of participants for environmental risk factors for prostate cancer Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 summarise the assessment of participants on environmental risk factors for Pca. At the time of the study, about a fth (n = 76; 22.3%) of the participants were ≥ 6 years post diagnosis while the others (n = 265; 77.7%) were ≤ 5 years post diagnosis. The mean duration of PCa remission (at the time of the study) was 3.89 ± SD 3.21 years (range 1–17 years). Almost all (n = 319; 93.5%) of the participants had prostate biopsy and diagnosis within 3 months of referral to the urology unit. Likewise, the majority (n = 242; 71.0%) of the participants had commenced treatment within 3 months of diagnosis. Table 5 summarises PCa staging and grading among the participants. Prostate cancer severity at diagnosis and associations with participants' background characteristics and risk factors The married participants (compared with the other relationship statuses) had heard about PCa (p = 0.034). Also, those with some secondary level education had heard about PCa (p < 0.001) and had previously screened for the disease (p = 0.001). Less than 10 years' exposure to the mine was associated with the absence of lymph node metastasis (N0) (p = 0.020). Further associations between participants' background characteristics and risk factors and PCa severity are summarised in Table 6. Symptomatic participants who sought medical attention within six months tended to have localised, non-metastatic and low-grade disease. With regard to the history of PCa among rst-degree family members, participants whose fathers did not have PCa tended to have absent nodal metastasis and low-grade disease. Also, those whose mothers did not have breast cancer had localised, non-metastatic (nodal) and low-grade disease. Smoking ≥ 6 cigarettes per day was associated with metastatic disease. A decreased (≤ 5 h per week) exposure to sunlight was associated with advanced and metastatic disease. Less than 2 h walking per week was associated with advanced disease. The use of dairy products ≥ 2 times per day was associated with advanced and high-grade disease. The consumption of fruits and vegetables 2–4 times per week was associated with localised and low-grade disease. Daily consumption of red meat was associated with advanced, high-grade and metastatic disease. Eating sh 2–6 times per week was associated with localised, low-grade and non-metastatic disease. UROLOGY, URO-ONCOLOGY AND SEXOLOGY UPDATE
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