33 Rooyen, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, for the valuable suggestions given at the onset of the study. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no nancial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately inuenced them in writing this article. Authors' contributions M.O.A.B. conceptualised the study with inputs from W.J.S., F.M.C. and N.M. M.O.A.B. collected the data and conducted the data analysis. M.O.A.B. drafted the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript, gave critical input and approved the nal version. Funding information The study was conducted with nancial assistance from the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, through the Three Schools of Medicine Research and Postgraduate Committee. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors. Data avavilability The data that support the ndings of this study are available from the corresponding author, M.O.A.B., upon reasonable request. Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reect the ofcial policy of any afliated agency of the authors. References 1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424. https://doi. org/10.3322/caac.21492 2. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660 3. Bahnassy AA, Abdellateif MS, Zekri AN. Cancer in Africa: Is it a genetic or environmental health problem? Front Oncol. 2020;10:604214. https://doi. org/10.3389/fonc.2020.604214 4. Adeloye D, David RA, Aderemi AV, et al. An estimate of the incidence of prostate cancer in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153496 5. Ramaliba TM, Sithole N, Ncinitwa A, Somdyala NIM. Prostate cancer patterns and trends in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa; 1998–2017. Front Public Health. 2022;10:882586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.882586 6. Le Roux HA, Urry RJ, Sartorius B, Aldous C. Prostate cancer at a regional hospital in South Africa: We are only seeing the tip of the iceberg. S Afr J Surg. 2015;53(3 and 4):57–62. 7. Cassim N, Ahmad A, Wadee R, Rebbeck TR, Glencross DK, George JA. Prostate cancer age-standardised incidence increase between 2006 and 2016 in Gauteng province, South Africa: A laboratory data-based analysis. S Afr Med J. 2020;111(1):26–32. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v111i1.14850 8. Babb C, Urban M, Kielkowski D, Kellett P. Prostate cancer in South Africa: Pathology based national cancer registry data (1986–2006) and mortality rates (1997–2009). Prostate Cancer. 2014;2014:419801. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2014/419801 9. Hayes VM, Bornman MS. Prostate cancer in Southern Africa: Does Africa hold untapped potential to add value to the current understanding of a common disease? J Glob Oncol. 2018;4:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JGO.2016.008862 10. Free State Department of Health. Annual Performance Plan, Free State Department of Health 2020/21. Bloemfontein: Free State Department of Health; 2021. 11. US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for prostate Cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;319(18):1901–1913. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3710 12. Cuzick J, Thorat MA, Andriole G, et al. Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(11):e484–e492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470- 2045(14)70211-6 13. Mutua K, Pertet AM, Otieno C. Cultural factors associated with the intent to be screened for prostate cancer among adult men in a rural Kenyan community. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):894. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-0174897-0 14. Rawla P. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. World J Oncol. 2019;10(2):63–89. https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1191 15. Segone AM, Haffejee M, Wentzel S, et al. Prostate cancer diagnostic and treatment guidelines [homepage on the Internet]. Johannesburg: The Prostate Cancer Foundation of South Africa; 2013 [cited 2019 Oct 03]. Available from: http:// prostate.acitravel.co.za/cake/app/webroot/uploads/les/ Prostate_Cancer_ Guidelines_2013.pdf 16. Myburgh JJ, Claassen FM. The association between increase in Gleason score, age and ethnicity in men with prostate cancer in central South Africa. Abstract presented at: South African Urological Association Conference; 2018 Sep 20–23; Stellenbosch (Unpublished). 17. Tindall EA, Monare LR, Petersen DC, et al. Clinical presentation of prostate cancer in Black South Africans. Prostate. 2014;74(8):880–891. https://doi.org/10.1002/ pros.22806 18. Xin H. Racial disparity in localized prostate cancer mortality. J Natl Med Assoc. 2017;109(2):86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.01.007 19. Siegel DA, O’Neil ME, Richards TB, Dowling NF, Weir HK. Prostate cancer incidence and survival, by stage and race/ethnicity – United States, 2001–2017. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(41):1473–1480. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6941a1 20. Jiang S, Narayan V, Warlick C. Racial disparities and considerations for active surveillance of prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7(2):214–220. https:// doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.09.11 21. Lewis DD, Cropp CD. The impact of African ancestry on prostate cancer disparities in the era of precision medicine. Genes (Basel). 2020;11(12):1471. https://doi. org/10.3390/genes11121471 22. Dewar M, Kaestner L, Zikhali Q, Jehle K, Sinha S, Lazarus J. Investigating racial differences in clinical and pathological features of prostate cancer in South African men. S Afr J Surg. 2018;56(2):54–58. https://doi.org/10.17159/20785151/2018/ v56n2a2324 23. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Cancer Stat Facts: Prostate cancer [homepage on the Internet]. No date [cited 2022 Apr 02]. Available from: https://Seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html 24. Coughlin SS. A review of social determinants of prostate cancer risk, stage, and survival. Prostate Int. 2020;8(2):49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. prnil.2019.08.001 25. Shenoy D, Packianathan S, Chen AM, Vijayakumar S. Do African-American men need separate prostate cancer screening guidelines? BMC Urol. 2016;16(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-016-0137-7 26. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Prostate cancer: Who is at risk of prostate cancer? [homepage on the Internet]. No date [last reviewed 2021 Aug 23; cited 2021 Dec 01]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prostate/ basic_info/risk_factors.htm 27. De Bruin L. Black men have a higher risk of prostate cancer than White men in South Africa [homepage on the Internet]. University of Pretoria; 2018 [cited 2022 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.up.ac.za/news/post_2709846black-men- have-a-higher-risk-of-prostate-cancer-thanwhite-men-in-south-africa 28. Odedina FT, Akinremi TO, Chinegwundoh F, et al. Prostate cancer disparities in Black men of African descent: A comparative literature review of prostate cancer burden among Black men in the United States, Caribbean, United UROLOGY, URO-ONCOLOGY AND SEXOLOGY UPDATE
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NTIyOTQ=